# Riemannian quasi-Newton methods

Manopt.quasi_NewtonFunction
quasi_Newton(M, F, gradF, x)

Perform a quasi Newton iteration for F on the manifold M starting in the point x using a retraction $R$ and a vector transport $T$

The $k$th iteration consists of

1. Compute the search direction $η_k = -\mathcal{B}_k [\operatorname{grad}f (x_k)]$ or solve $\mathcal{H}_k [η_k] = -\operatorname{grad}f (x_k)]$.
2. Determine a suitable stepsize $α_k$ along the curve $\gamma(α) = R_{x_k}(α η_k)$ e.g. by using WolfePowellLineseach.
3. Compute $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$.
4. Define $s_k = T_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k)$ and $y_k = \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k))$.
5. Compute the new approximate Hessian $H_{k+1}$ or its inverse $B_k$.

Input

• M – a manifold $\mathcal{M}$.

• F – a cost function $F : \mathcal{M} →ℝ$ to minimize.

• gradF– the gradient $\operatorname{grad}F : \mathcal{M} →T_x\mathcal M$ of $F$.

• x – an initial value $x ∈ \mathcal{M}$.

stoppingcriterion::StoppingCriterion=StopWhenAny( StopAfterIteration(max(1000, memorysize)), StopWhenGradientNormLess(10^(-6)) ), return_options=false,

Optional

• basis – (DefaultOrthonormalBasis()) basis within the tangent space(s) to represent the Hessian (inverse).
• cautious_update – (false) – whether or not to use a QuasiNewtonCautiousDirectionUpdate
• cautious_function – ((x) -> x*10^(-4)) – a monotone increasing function that is zero at 0 and strictly increasing at 0 for the cautious update.
• direction_update – (InverseBFGS()) the update rule to use.
• evaluation – (AllocatingEvaluation) specify whether the gradient works by allocation (default) form gradF(M, x) or MutatingEvaluation in place, i.e. is of the form gradF!(M, X, x).
• initial_operator – (Matrix{Float64}(I,n,n)) initial matrix to use die the approximation, where n=manifold_dimension(M), see also scale_initial_operator.
• memory_size – (20) limited memory, number of $s_k, y_k$ to store. Set to a negative value to use a full memory representation
• retraction_method – (default_retraction_method(M)) a retraction method to use, by default the exponential map.
• scale_initial_operator - (true) scale initial operator with $\frac{⟨s_k,y_k⟩_{x_k}}{\lVert y_k\rVert_{x_k}}$ in the computation
• step_size – (WolfePowellLineseach(retraction_method, vector_transport_method)) specify a Stepsize.
• stopping_criterion - (StopWhenAny(StopAfterIteration(max(1000, memory_size)), StopWhenGradientNormLess(10^(-6))) specify a StoppingCriterion
• vector_transport_method – (default_vector_transport_method(M)) a vector transport to use.
• return_options – (false) – specify whether to return just the result x (default) or the complete Options, e.g. to access recorded values. if activated, the extended result, i.e. the

Output

• x_opt – the resulting (approximately critical) point of the quasi–Newton method

OR

• options – the options returned by the solver (see return_options)
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Manopt.quasi_Newton!Function
quasi_Newton!(M, F, gradF, x; options...)

Perform a quasi Newton iteration for F on the manifold M starting in the point x using a retraction $R$ and a vector transport $T$.

Input

• M – a manifold $\mathcal{M}$.
• F – a cost function $F: \mathcal{M} →ℝ$ to minimize.
• gradF– the gradient $\operatorname{grad}F : \mathcal{M} → T_x\mathcal M$ of $F$.
• x – an initial value $x ∈ \mathcal{M}$.

For all optional parameters, see quasi_Newton.

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## Background

The aim is to minimize a real-valued function on a Riemannian manifold, i.e.

$\min f(x), \quad x ∈ \mathcal{M}.$

Riemannian quasi-Newtonian methods are as generalizations of their Euclidean counterparts Riemannian line search methods. These methods determine a search direction $η_k ∈ T_{x_k} \mathcal{M}$ at the current iterate $x_k$ and a suitable stepsize $α_k$ along $\gamma(α) = R_{x_k}(α η_k)$, where $R: T \mathcal{M} →\mathcal{M}$ is a retraction. The next iterate is obtained by

$x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k).$

In quasi-Newton methods, the search direction is given by

$η_k = -{\mathcal{H}_k}^{-1}[\operatorname{grad}f (x_k)] = -\mathcal{B}_k [\operatorname{grad} (x_k)],$

where $\mathcal{H}_k : T_{x_k} \mathcal{M} →T_{x_k} \mathcal{M}$ is a positive definite self-adjoint operator, which approximates the action of the Hessian $\operatorname{Hess} f (x_k)[⋅]$ and $\mathcal{B}_k = {\mathcal{H}_k}^{-1}$. The idea of quasi-Newton methods is instead of creating a complete new approximation of the Hessian operator $\operatorname{Hess} f(x_{k+1})$ or its inverse at every iteration, the previous operator $\mathcal{H}_k$ or $\mathcal{B}_k$ is updated by a convenient formula using the obtained information about the curvature of the objective function during the iteration. The resulting operator $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$ acts on the tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$ of the freshly computed iterate $x_{k+1}$. In order to get a well-defined method, the following requirements are placed on the new operator $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$ that is created by an update. Since the Hessian $\operatorname{Hess} f(x_{k+1})$ is a self-adjoint operator on the tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$, and $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ approximates it, we require that $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$ is also self-adjoint on $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$. In order to achieve a steady descent, we want $η_k$ to be a descent direction in each iteration. Therefore we require, that $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$ is a positive definite operator on $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$. In order to get information about the curvature of the objective function into the new operator $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$, we require that it satisfies a form of a Riemannian quasi-Newton equation:

$\mathcal{H}_{k+1} [T_{x_k \rightarrow x_{k+1}}({R_{x_k}}^{-1}(x_{k+1}))] = \operatorname{grad}(x_{k+1}) - T_{x_k \rightarrow x_{k+1}}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k))$

or

$\mathcal{B}_{k+1} [\operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T_{x_k \rightarrow x_{k+1}}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k))] = T_{x_k \rightarrow x_{k+1}}({R_{x_k}}^{-1}(x_{k+1}))$

where $T_{x_k \rightarrow x_{k+1}} : T_{x_k} \mathcal{M} →T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$ and the chosen retraction $R$ is the associated retraction of $T$. We note that, of course, not all updates in all situations will meet these conditions in every iteration. For specific quasi-Newton updates, the fulfilment of the Riemannian curvature condition, which requires that

$g_{x_{k+1}}(s_k, y_k) > 0$

holds, is a requirement for the inheritance of the self-adjointness and positive definiteness of the $\mathcal{H}_k$ or $\mathcal{B}_k$ to the operator $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$. Unfortunately, the fulfillment of the Riemannian curvature condition is not given by a step size $\alpha_k > 0$ that satisfies the generalised Wolfe conditions. However, in order to create a positive definite operator $\mathcal{H}_{k+1}$ or $\mathcal{B}_{k+1}$ in each iteration, in [HuangGallivanAbsil2015] the so-called locking condition was introduced, which requires that the isometric vector transport $T^S$, which is used in the update formula, and its associate retraction $R$ fulfill

$T^{S}{x, ξ_x}(ξ_x) = β T^{R}{x, ξ_x}(ξ_x), \quad β = \frac{\lVert ξ_x \rVert_x}{\lVert T^{R}{x, ξ_x}(ξ_x) \rVert_{R_{x}(ξ_x)}},$

where $T^R$ is the vector transport by differentiated retraction. With the requirement that the isometric vector transport $T^S$ and its associated retraction $R$ satisfies the locking condition and using the tangent vector

$y_k = {β_k}^{-1} \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)),$

where

$β_k = \frac{\lVert α_k η_k \rVert_{x_k}}{\lVert T^{R}{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \rVert_{x_{k+1}}},$

in the update, it can be shown that choosing a stepsize $α_k > 0$ that satisfies the Riemannian Wolfe conditions leads to the fulfilment of the Riemannian curvature condition, which in turn implies that the operator generated by the updates is positive definite. In the following we denote the specific operators in matrix notation and hence use $H_k$ and $B_k$, respectively.

In general there are different ways to compute a fixed AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule. In general these are represented by

Manopt.QuasiNewtonMatrixDirectionUpdateType
QuasiNewtonMatrixDirectionUpdate <: AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate

These AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdates represent any quasi-Newton update rule, where the operator is stored as a matrix. A distinction is made between the update of the approximation of the Hessian, $H_k \mapsto H_{k+1}$, and the update of the approximation of the Hessian inverse, $B_k \mapsto B_{k+1}$. For the first case, the coordinates of the search direction $η_k$ with respect to a basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ are determined by solving a linear system of equations, i.e.

$\text{Solve} \quad \hat{η_k} = - H_k \widehat{\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)}$

where $H_k$ is the matrix representing the operator with respect to the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ and $\widehat{\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)}$ represents the coordinates of the gradient of the objective function $f$ in $x_k$ with respect to the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$. If a method is chosen where Hessian inverse is approximated, the coordinates of the search direction $η_k$ with respect to a basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ are obtained simply by matrix-vector multiplication, i.e.

$\hat{η_k} = - B_k \widehat{\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)}$

where $B_k$ is the matrix representing the operator with respect to the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ and $\widehat{\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)}$ as above. In the end, the search direction $η_k$ is generated from the coordinates $\hat{eta_k}$ and the vectors of the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ in both variants. The AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule indicates which quasi-Newton update rule is used. In all of them, the Euclidean update formula is used to generate the matrix $H_{k+1}$ and $B_{k+1}$, and the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ is transported into the upcoming tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$, preferably with an isometric vector transport, or generated there.

Fields

• basis – the basis.
• matrix – the matrix which represents the approximating operator.
• scale – indicates whether the initial matrix (= identity matrix) should be scaled before the first update.
• update – a AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule.
• vector_transport_method – an AbstractVectorTransportMethod

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Manopt.QuasiNewtonLimitedMemoryDirectionUpdateType
QuasiNewtonLimitedMemoryDirectionUpdate <: AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate

This AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate represents the limited-memory Riemanian BFGS update, where the approximating operator is represented by $m$ stored pairs of tangent vectors $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$ in the $k$-th iteration. For the calculation of the search direction $η_k$, the generalisation of the two-loop recursion is used (see [HuangGallivanAbsil2015]), since it only requires inner products and linear combinations of tangent vectors in $T_{x_k} \mathcal{M}$. For that the stored pairs of tangent vectors $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$, the gradient $\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)$ of the objective function $f$ in $x_k$ and the positive definite self-adjoint operator

$\mathcal{B}^{(0)}_k[⋅] = \frac{g_{x_k}(s_{k-1}, y_{k-1})}{g_{x_k}(y_{k-1}, y_{k-1})} \; \mathrm{id}_{T_{x_k} \mathcal{M}}[⋅]$

are used. The two-loop recursion can be understood as that the InverseBFGS update is executed $m$ times in a row on $\mathcal{B}^{(0)}_k[⋅]$ using the tangent vectors $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$, and in the same time the resulting operator $\mathcal{B}^{LRBFGS}_k [⋅]$ is directly applied on $\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)$. When updating there are two cases: if there is still free memory, i.e. $k < m$, the previously stored vector pairs $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$ have to be transported into the upcoming tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$; if there is no free memory, the oldest pair $\{ \widetilde{s}_{k−m}, \widetilde{y}_{k−m}\}$ has to be discarded and then all the remaining vector pairs $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m+1}^{k-1}$ are transported into the tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$. After that we calculate and store $s_k = \widetilde{s}_k = T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k)$ and $y_k = \widetilde{y}_k$. This process ensures that new information about the objective function is always included and the old, probably no longer relevant, information is discarded.

Fields

• method – the maximum number of vector pairs stored.
• memory_s – the set of the stored (and transported) search directions times step size $\{ \widetilde{s}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$.
• memory_y – set of the stored gradient differences $\{ \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$.
• ξ – a variable used in the two-loop recursion.
• ρ – a variable used in the two-loop recursion.
• scale
• vector_transport_method – a AbstractVectorTransportMethod

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Manopt.QuasiNewtonCautiousDirectionUpdateType
QuasiNewtonCautiousDirectionUpdate <: AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate

These AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdates represent any quasi-Newton update rule, which are based on the idea of a so-called cautious update. The search direction is calculated as given in QuasiNewtonMatrixDirectionUpdate or [LimitedMemoryQuasiNewctionDirectionUpdate]. But the update given in QuasiNewtonMatrixDirectionUpdate or [LimitedMemoryQuasiNewctionDirectionUpdate] is only executed if

$\frac{g_{x_{k+1}}(y_k,s_k)}{\lVert s_k \rVert^{2}_{x_{k+1}}} \geq \theta(\lVert \operatorname{grad}f(x_k) \rVert_{x_k}),$

is satisfied, where $\theta$ is a monotone increasing function satisfying $\theta(0) = 0$ and $\theta$ is strictly increasing at $0$. If this is not the case, the corresponding update will be skipped, which means that for QuasiNewtonMatrixDirectionUpdate the matrix $H_k$ or $B_k$ is not updated, but the basis $\{b_i\}^{n}_{i=1}$ is nevertheless transported into the upcoming tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$, and for [LimitedMemoryQuasiNewctionDirectionUpdate] neither the oldest vector pair $\{ \widetilde{s}_{k−m}, \widetilde{y}_{k−m}\}$ is discarded nor the newest vector pair $\{ \widetilde{s}_{k}, \widetilde{y}_{k}\}$ is added into storage, but all stored vector pairs $\{ \widetilde{s}_i, \widetilde{y}_i\}_{i=k-m}^{k-1}$ are transported into the tangent space $T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}$. If InverseBFGS or InverseBFGS is chosen as update, then the resulting method follows the method of [HuangAbsilGallivan2018], taking into account that the corresponding step size is chosen.

Fields

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## Hessian Update Rules

Using

Manopt.update_hessian!Function
update_hessian!(d, p, o, x_old, iter)

update the hessian wihtin the QuasiNewtonOptions o given a Problem p as well as the an AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate d and the last iterate x_old. Note that the current (iterth) iterate is already stored in o.x.

See also AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule for the different rules that are available within d.

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the following update formulae for either $H_{k+1}$ or $B_{k+1}$ are available.

Manopt.BFGSType
BFGS <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the Riemanian BFGS update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{H}_k^\mathrm{BFGS}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$H^\mathrm{BFGS}_{k+1} = \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{BFGS}_k + \frac{y_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k }{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{H}^\mathrm{BFGS}_k s_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{BFGS}_k }{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{BFGS}_k s_k}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

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Manopt.DFPType
DFP <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in an AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the Riemanian DFP update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{H}_k^\mathrm{DFP}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$H^\mathrm{DFP}_{k+1} = \Bigl( \mathrm{id}_{T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}} - \frac{y_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} \Bigr) \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{DFP}_k \Bigl( \mathrm{id}_{T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}} - \frac{s_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} \Bigr) + \frac{y_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

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Manopt.BroydenType
Broyden <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the Riemanian Broyden update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method, which is as a convex combination of BFGS and DFP.

We denote by $\widetilde{H}_k^\mathrm{Br}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$H^\mathrm{Br}_{k+1} = \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k - \frac{\widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k} + \frac{y_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} + φ_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k \Bigl( \frac{y_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k} \Bigr) \Bigl( \frac{y_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{Br}_k s_k} \Bigr)^{\mathrm{T}}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively, and $φ_k$ is the Broyden factor which is :constant by default but can also be set to :Davidon.

Constructor

Broyden(φ, update_rule::Symbol = :constant)
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Manopt.SR1Type
SR1 <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the Riemanian SR1 update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{H}_k^\mathrm{SR1}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$H^\mathrm{SR1}_{k+1} = \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k + \frac{ (y_k - \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k s_k) (y_k - \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k s_k)^{\mathrm{T}} }{ (y_k - \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k s_k)^{\mathrm{T}} s_k }$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

This method can be stabilized by only performing the update if denominator is larger than $r\lVert s_k\rVert_{x_{k+1}}\lVert y_k - \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k s_k \rVert_{x_{k+1}}$ for some $r>0$. For more details, see Section 6.2 in [NocedalWright2006]

Constructor

SR1(r::Float64=-1.0)

Generate the SR1 update, which by default does not include the check (since the default sets $t<0$)

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Manopt.InverseBFGSType
InverseBFGS <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the inverse Riemanian BFGS update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{B}_k^\mathrm{BFGS}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$B^\mathrm{BFGS}_{k+1} = \Bigl( \mathrm{id}_{T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}} - \frac{s_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k }{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} \Bigr) \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{BFGS}_k \Bigl( \mathrm{id}_{T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M}} - \frac{y_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k }{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} \Bigr) + \frac{s_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

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Manopt.InverseDFPType
InverseDFP <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the inverse Riemanian DFP update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{B}_k^\mathrm{DFP}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$B^\mathrm{DFP}_{k+1} = \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{DFP}_k + \frac{s_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{B}^\mathrm{DFP}_k y_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{DFP}_k}{y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{DFP}_k y_k}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

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Manopt.InverseBroydenType
InverseBroyden <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

Indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the Riemanian Broyden update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method, which is as a convex combination of InverseBFGS and InverseDFP.

We denote by $\widetilde{H}_k^\mathrm{Br}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$B^\mathrm{Br}_{k+1} = \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k - \frac{\widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k}{y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k} + \frac{s_k s^{\mathrm{T}}_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} + φ_k y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k \Bigl( \frac{s_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k}{y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k} \Bigr) \Bigl( \frac{s_k}{s^{\mathrm{T}}_k y_k} - \frac{\widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k}{y^{\mathrm{T}}_k \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{Br}_k y_k} \Bigr)^{\mathrm{T}}$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively, and $φ_k$ is the Broyden factor which is :constant by default but can also be set to :Davidon.

Constructor

InverseBroyden(φ, update_rule::Symbol = :constant)
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Manopt.InverseSR1Type
InverseSR1 <: AbstractQuasiNewtonUpdateRule

indicates in AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate that the inverse Riemanian SR1 update is used in the Riemannian quasi-Newton method.

We denote by $\widetilde{B}_k^\mathrm{SR1}$ the operator concatenated with a vector transport and its inverse before and after to act on $x_{k+1} = R_{x_k}(α_k η_k)$. Then the update formula reads

$B^\mathrm{SR1}_{k+1} = \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{SR1}_k + \frac{ (s_k - \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{SR1}_k y_k) (s_k - \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{SR1}_k y_k)^{\mathrm{T}} }{ (s_k - \widetilde{B}^\mathrm{SR1}_k y_k)^{\mathrm{T}} y_k }$

where $s_k$ and $y_k$ are the coordinate vectors with respect to the current basis (from QuasiNewtonOptions) of

$T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(α_k η_k) \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{grad}f(x_{k+1}) - T^{S}_{x_k, α_k η_k}(\operatorname{grad}f(x_k)) ∈ T_{x_{k+1}} \mathcal{M},$

respectively.

This method can be stabilized by only performing the update if denominator is larger than $r\lVert y_k\rVert_{x_{k+1}}\lVert s_k - \widetilde{H}^\mathrm{SR1}_k y_k \rVert_{x_{k+1}}$ for some $r>0$. For more details, see Section 6.2 in [NocedalWright2006].

Constructor

InverseSR1(r::Float64=-1.0)

Generate the InverseSR1 update, which by default does not include the check, since the default sets $t<0$.

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## Options

The quasi Newton algorithm is based on a GradientProblem.

Manopt.QuasiNewtonOptionsType
QuasiNewtonOptions <: Options

These Quasi Newton Options represent any quasi-Newton based method and can be used with any update rule for the direction.

Fields

• x – the current iterate, a point on a manifold
• gradient – the current gradient
• sk – the current step
• yk the current gradient difference
• direction_update - an AbstractQuasiNewtonDirectionUpdate rule.
• retraction_method – an AbstractRetractionMethod
• stop – a StoppingCriterion

GradientProblem